When Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn entered the world stage in the 1960s, the West interpreted him without preconceptions. Then the West turned against him with a vengeance. The great exception to this turn was France—France!—where virtually all of his writings appeared in translation and where intellectuals took instruction from him on the nature of communism, generated The Black Book of Communism,1 and made a place for him at televised roundtables on world affairs. The United States, where Solzhenitsyn lived for eighteen years, showed little such intellectual receptiveness and indeed did the worst job of all in dealing with his texts.
Persons of a certain age will remember their first impression of Solzhenitsyn as a model of courage, a teller of truth, and a fighter for freedom. The press, after transmitting this heroic image, took only about a decade
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